Uman iguta reUkraine riri muCherkasy Oblast iri pakati peUkraine, kumabvazuva kweVinnytsia. Iri munzvimbo yenhoroondo yekumabvazuva kwePodolia, iro guta rinogara pamahombekombe erwizi rweUmanka. Uman inoshanda senzvimbo yekutonga ine huwandu hwe 85,473. Kuwedzerwa kune huwandu hwevanhu kutenderedza parizvino zviripo zveGoredzva zororo revaJudha makumi emakumi ezviuru echiJuda MaHasidic vafambi.
Sekureva kweHurumende Border Guard Service yeUkraine, vangangoita 28,000 vafambi vatoyambuka muganhu mazuva matatu pamberi peNew Year munaGunyana 3. Gore rino, zororo reRosh Hashanah, kana gore reNew Jewish, rinopembererwa Nyamavhuvhu 8-9. Mapoka mazhinji evaHasidic maJuda, vanosvika vanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi, vakasvika musi waGunyana 11. Vakayambukira kuUkraine kunyanya panhandare dzeBoryspil, Zhuliany, Lviv, neOdesa, pamwe nekuyambuka nzvimbo pamuganhu nePoland, Romania, neSlovakia.
Gore rega rega, maHasidic maJuda anoenda kuUman kunoshanyira kumakuva echiJuda, uko kwaakavigwa Reb Nachman weBratslav (1772-1810), muvambi wesangano reBreslov Hasidic. Guva rake nderimwe rematunhu anoremekedzwa zvikuru evaHasidim, ichiva nzvimbo yekufambira vanhu vakawanda pagore.
Zvakatangira
Nharaunda yechiJuda yakaonekwa muUman mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi18. Kutaurwa kwekutanga kwemaJuda muUman kune zviitiko zvekupandukira kwaHaydamaks. Muna 1749 maHaidamacks akauraya maJuda mazhinji eUman uye akapisa chikamu cheguta.
Muna 1761, muridzi weUman, Earl Pototsky, akavakazve guta uye akatanga musika, panguva iyo maJuda mazana mana nemazana mana vaigara muguta. Munguva iyi, Uman yakatanga kubudirira zvese seguta revaJudha uye nzvimbo yekutengesera.
Muna 1768 Haidamacks akaparadza maJuda eUmuan, pamwe nemaJuda kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo vaive vatizira ikoko.
Musi waJune 19, 1788, murimi akamukira, Maxim Zheleznyak, akafamba paUman ater yaakange arova maJuda eTetiyev. Kana boka reCossack nemukuru waro, Ivan Gonta, akaenda kuna Zheleznyak (kunyangwe hazvo mari yemari yaakatambira kubva munharaunda yevaUman nezvivimbiso zvaakange aita mukudzoka), guta rakawira kuna Zheleznyak, kunyangwe paine hushingi hwekudzivirira mu iyo maJuda akaita chinzvimbo chakasimba. MaJuda vakabva vaungana mumasinagoge, kwavakatungamirwa naLeib Shargorodski naMoses Menaker mukuyedza kuzvidzivirira, asi vakaparadzwa nemoto wecannon. MaJuda akasara muguta akazourayiwa. Kuuraya uku kwakaitika kwemazuva matatu uye harahwa, vakadzi kana vana havana kuregererwa. Gonta akatyisidzira rufu kumaKristu ese akatsunga kuvharidzira maJuda. Huwandu hwevaPole uye maJuda vakaurayiwa mu "kuuraya kwaUman" inofungidzirwa kuve zviuru makumi maviri. Chirangaridzo chekutanga kwekuuraya, Tammuz 20,000, yakazozivikanwa se "Chakaipa Chirevo cheUman," uye chakaonekwa sekutsanya uye nemunamato wakakosha.
Uman akazova chikamu cheRussia mu1793.
Mukupera kwezana ramakore reXVIII, kwaive nenharaunda yakasimba uye yakawanda yechiJuda muUman uye na1806, pakanga paine maJuda 1,895 akanyorwa sevaigara muguta.
UMAN, UKRAINE - SEPTEMBA 14: VaHasidic vafambi vanotamba kusiri kure nenzvimbo yekuviga Rebbe Nachman weBreslov musi waGunyana 14, 2015 muUman, Ukraine. Gore rega rega, makumi ezviuru zvevaHasidim vanoungana kuRosh Hashanah muguta kunonamata kunzvimbo inoera. (Mufananidzo naBrendan Hoffman / Getty Mifananidzo)
Rabhi Nahman
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore re19th, Uman yakave muzinda weHasidism, kunyanya yakabatana neye mukurumbira tzadik, Rabbi Nahman weBratzlav (Kubvumbi 4, 1772 - Gumiguru 16, 1810) uyo akapedza makore maviri muUmi. Akagara muUmuan uye asati afa ikoko akati, "mweya yevakafira (vakaurawa naGonta) yakandimirira." Guva rake kumakuva echiJuda rave nzvimbo yekushanyira Bratslav Hasidim kubva kumativi ese epasi. Mushure mekufa kwaRabbi Nachman, mutungamiri wezvemweya weBratzlav Hasidim aive Rabbi Nathan Shternharts.
Uman aive nembiri yekuve guta reklezmerim ("vaimbi vechiJuda"). Sekuru vevhayorini Mischa Elman aive akakurumbira klezmer muguta, uye nziyo dzeUman dzaizivikanwa zvakanyanya.
Yaizivikanwawo seimwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzekufamba kweHaskalah muUkraine. Mutungamiriri wesangano iri Chaim Hurwitz. Muna 1822 "chikoro chakavakirwa pamitemo yeMendelssohnian" chakavambwa muUman uye makore akati wandei zvikoro zveOdessa neKishinev zvisati zvaitika. Muvambi aive Hirsch Beer, mwanakomana waChaim Hurwitz uye shamwari yemudetembi Jacob Eichenbaum; chikoro chakavharwa mushure memakore mashoma.
Muna 1842 maive ne4,933 maJuda muUman; muna 1897 - 17,945 59 (1910% yehuwandu hwevanhu), uye muna 28,267, 1870 14. Muna XNUMX maive nemasinagogi makuru gumi nemana neminamato imba
Pakutendeuka kwezana ramakore reXIX-XX Uman yakava nzvimbo yekutengesa yakakosha. Muna 1890 chiteshi chechitima chakavhurwa. Izvi zvakagadzirisa zvikuru kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri emuno nekutengeserana. Mukutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri emakore, maive nemasinagogi makuru mana, dzimba dzekunamatira gumi nematatu, zvikoro zvitatu zvevakomana zvakavanzika uye Talmud Torah muUman.
Muna 1905, semhedzisiro yehupombwe maJuda matatu akaurayiwa.
Uman vanamuzvinabhizimusi mu1913 vane mazita mazhinji echiJuda:
Muchikamu cheUmuan cheRussia Empire Bhizinesi Dhairekitori na1913 akataura zvinotevera zvinhu:
- wepamutemo rabhi aive Kontorshik Ber Ioselevich
- rabhi wemweya Borochin P., Mats
- Masinagogi: "Hahnusas-Kalo", Novobazarnaya Horal, Starobazarnaya, Talnovskaya
- Dzimba dzekunamatira: "Besgamedrash", Latvatskogo, Tsirulnikova
- Akavanzika wechiJuda mukadzi wemakore matatu chikoro, musoro wacho waive Boguslavskaya Tsesya Avramovna
- Talmud-Torah, musoro ndiGershengorn A.
- akataura nezvemasangano matanhatu echiJuda
Civil Yakanga iri pogroms
Munguva yeBolshevik Revolution, maJuda eUman akatsungirira kutambura kukuru. Muchirimo nemuzhizha ra1919, mauto akati wandei akapfuura nemuguta ndokuita mhirizhonga; paive nevanhu mazana mana vakaurayiwa mupogrom yekutanga uye vanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe mune yakatevera. Vanopfuura mazana mana vakaurayiwa nepogrom 400-90 Chivabvu 400 vakavigwa kumakuva echiJuda mumakuva matatu. Panguva ino vagari vechiKristu vakabatsira kuvanza maJuda. Kanzuru Yerunyararo Ruzhinji, mazhinji emitezo yavo aive maKristu akakurumbira, nevashoma vevaJudha vane mukurumbira, vakaponesa guta kubva panjodzi kanoverengeka; muna 12, semuenzaniso, yakamisa humhu hwakavambwa nemauto aGeneral A. Denikin.
Mubhuku "Sokolievka / Justingrad: Zana Remakore Rekutambudzika uye Kutambura muUkraine Shtetl", New York 1983 yakataura zvinotevera ruzivo nezve ino nguva muUmi:
Uku kuuraya kwakawanda kwevechidiki vechiJuda kwakaparadzira kutya kunotyisa muvanhu vechiJuda venharaunda yese. Pasina nguva, nhau dzakasvika muUmi kuti Zeleny aive munzira. Uku kwaive kutanga kwa Nyamavhuvhu, uye kutya kukuru kwakawira nharaunda yevaUman yechiJuda. Guta rakanga richangobva kuona kuurawa kweAtamans Sokol, Stetsyure naNikolsky. "Kunzwa kwekusuwa uye kwekushaya pekubatsira", akatsanangura akapona, "aive akakura zvekuti maJuda eUman vakatanga runyerekupe rwekuti paive nemauto eAmerica e50 muKiev aive achivadzivirira kubva kuhupombwe. Tariro chete yaive yekuti maAmerican vaizosvika pamberi pematsotsi. "
Mushure meHondo Yenyika
Muma1920s nema30s, maJuda mazhinji akatama kubva kuUman kuenda kuKiev uye nedzimwe nzvimbo huru nharaunda yechiJuda yakadzikiswa muhukuru nemamwe gumi muzana muna 1926 pasi kusvika pavanhu 22,179 (49,5%).
n 1936, mushure menguva yakareba yekurangana pamusoro pevaJudha, uye mushure mekumisirwa mutero wakakura kwazvo wavakabhadhariswa nehurumende yeCommunist, nguva yesinagogi yakazopera. Mushakabvu Reb Levy Yitzchok Bender, aive mukuru wesinagogi panguva yekuvharwa kwayo, akataura kuti raive sinagogi rekupedzisira munzvimbo iyi kuvharwa. Yakanga yave nzvimbo yekuchengetera mipumburu yese yeTorah mumasinagoge enharaunda.
Muna 1939, pakanga paine vangangoita 13,000 maJuda (29,8%) muUmuan.
Holocaust
Musi waAugust 1, 1941, apo Uman yaigarwa, maJuda anosvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu vaigara muguta iro raisanganisira vapoteri vanobva kumisha nemataundi akapoterera.
Munguva yekupfura kwekutanga, vanachiremba vatanhatu vechiJuda vakaurayiwa. Musi waAugust 13, maGerman akauraya vanhu makumi masere kubva kune vemo maJuda akangwara.
Musi waGunyana 21, zviuru zvine zviuru zvevaJudha vakaunganidzwa mukamuri repasi pechivako chejeri, pamwe nezviuru zvinevanhu vakafa nekuda kwekutadza kufema.
Musi waGumiguru 1 1941, ghetto yakagadzwa munzvimbo inozivikanwa seRakivka. Asi Gumiguru 10 1941 (Yom Kippur) iyo ghetto yakabviswa. 304 Battalion yemapurisa kubva kuKirovograd yakauraya maJuda mazana mashanu nemazana mana kubva kuUman uye mazana matanhatu akabatwa. MaJuda chete vane hunyanzvi hwakakosha kuhondo ndivo vakasara mughetto nemhuri dzavo. Samborskiy naTabachnik ndivo vaitarisira Judenrat. Vasungwa vemu ghetto vakatambudzwa zvine utsinye.
Muna Kubvumbi 1942, wechiGerman akakumbira Musoro weghetto Chaim Shvartz kuti ape 1000 vana vechiJuda kuti vauraye asi akaramba. Mushure meizvi maGerman akasarudza vana vanopfuura chiuru ndokuvauraya padhuze nemusha weGrodzevo.
Munguva ya1941-1942 pamusoro pevaJudha zviuru gumi vakaurayiwa muUman. Musasa wechibharo wemaJuda kubva kuTransnistria, Bessarabia neBukovina wakagadzwa mushure mekubviswa kweghetto.
KAMPOW musasa unonzi "Uman Pit" wakashanda panguva yezhizha-matsutso 1941 muUman uko zviuru zvevanhu zvakafa kana kuurawa. Nhau dzeGerman nezve "Uman Pit" musasa muna 1941:
80% yeiyo yakazara kurasikirwa kwevagari vemo muUman vaive maJuda.
Heano mamwe maRudzi Akarurama eUman nenzvimbo iyo yakaponesa hupenyu hwevaJuda panguva yeHolocaust: Victor Fedoseevich Kryzhanovskii, Galina Mikhailovna Zayats, Galina Andreyevna Zakharova.
Mushure meWWII
Muna 1959 maive ne2,200 5 maJuda (1960% yehuwandu hwevanhu). Mukupera kwema1,000 huwandu hwevaJudha hwaifungidzirwa vangangoita chiuru. Sinagogi rekupedzisira rakavharwa nezviremera muna 1957, uye makuva echiJuda akapunzika. Chirangaridzo chekurangarira 17,000 vafira kutenda vechiNazi vane chinyorwa muYiddish.
Vamwe maJuda vachiri kushanyira guva raNahman weBratslav. Mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union, mafambiro kuenda kuguva raRebbe Nahman akazove akakurumbira, nezviuru zvichisvika kubva kumativi ese epasi paRosh ha-Shanah.
Kazhinji vhidhiyo yeHasidim kuenda kuUman mumakore ekupedzisira eSoviet Union (1989). Munguva iyoyo guva raRahman raNahman raive padyo nepahwindo remusha wechiJuda kumakuva evaJuda akaparadzwa:
kuvaka
Chikamu chebhizinesi cheguta chaive pakati peNikolaev mugwagwa (ikozvino Lenin Street). Quarter yechiJuda yaive kumaodzanyemba kweguta rine nhoroondo, padhuze nemugwagwa unoenda kubhiriji pamusoro perwizi Umanka. Chinhu chakasarudzika chaive chihombe chekugara kwekugara. Varombo vechiJuda vainyanya kugara imomo. Mhuri dzinoverengeka dzaigara muimba imwechete, dzichitora nhurikidzwa dzese, kusanganisira yepasi. Idzi dzimba dzaive dzakada kufanana nedzimba, dzakaiswa padhuze kwazvo, dzakatsindirana padhuze nepadenga pamateru pasina masvingo ekuzvipatsanura. Migwagwa yakamanikana inoyerera inoenda kumusika.
Guta Centre raive neSinagogi reChoral mumugwagwa weUpper Jewish (yava kunzi "Megaommeter" fekitori). Iyi block yainzi Lower Jewish kana Rakovka (yava kunzi Sholom Aleichem mugwagwa). Vagari vechiJuda veRakovka vakanga vaiita bhizimusi diki, sevevezi, vashandi vesimbi, vanogadzira uye vanogadzira shangu.
Vagari vechiJuda vaishingairira kuita zvekutengeserana kumafaro, kwavakamhanyisa zvitoro zvidiki nezvitoro. Imwe kota yechiJuda muUman ichiripo nanhasi uye yakaumbwa ichitenderedza pakati peguta, munzvimbo iri pakati pemigwagwa Uritskogo neLenin. Ndiwo mugwagwa wekutengesa, waigara nevanhu vazhinji vevagari vemuUman. Sinagogi rakaparadzwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye imba yakavakwa panzvimbo yayo.
Rabhi Nahman guva
Makuva anga aripo kubvira pakavambwa nzanga yechiJuda mukutanga kwezana ramakore gumi nemasere. Zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinyorwa zveHasidic, vakaurayiwa nekuurawa kweUman muna 18 vakavigwa pano. Zvichida kuti kumakuva ekare aigara panzvimbo imwechete. Muna 1768, Rabbi Nachman weBratzlav akavigwa padhuze nevakaurayiwa nekuuraya Uman. Muzana ramakore rechi1811, kumakuva kwakaparadzwa. Hapana matombo emakuva kubva kumakuva ekare akasara.
Nhoroondo yaRabbi Nachman weguva reBratzlav, sekureva kwaBratslaver zvinyorwa.
Tsika yekushanyira guva raRabi Nachman yakavambwa pakati pevadzidzi vake nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwake (pakufa, Rabbi Nachman akaraira vadzidzi vake kuti vashanyire guva rake, kunyanya paRosh Hashana). Mune 1920s-30s, vateveri vaRabbi Nachman vanobva munharaunda yemunharaunda vakatarisira guva.
Munguva yekugara kweNazi 17,000 yevaUmi maJuda vakaurayiwa uye kumakuva ekare evaJuda kwakaparadzwa zvachose. Ohel paRabi Nahman guva rakaparadzwa nekubhomba muna 1944. Mushure me hondo maHasid mashoma akashanyira Uman ndokuwana chete ibwe reguva.
Muna 1947 zviremera zvemuno zvakafunga kuvaka pamusoro penharaunda yakaparadzwa Old Jewish Cemetery. Rabbi Zanvil Lyubarskiy kubva kuLvov aiziva nzvimbo chaiyo yeguva uye akatenga chidimbu chenyika kuburikidza nenzvimbo inonzi Mikhail. Rabhi akavaka imba padyo neguva zvekuti guva raive pasi pemadziro newindo. Asi Mikhail aitya kuti aizoonekwa uye akatengesa saiti iyi kumhuri yevahedheni. Varidzi vatsva havana kuita maJuda uye havana kuvabvumira kuti vashanyire guva dzvene iri. Mushure menguva yakati imba yakatengeswa zvakare kune imwe mhuri yemamwe marudzi uye muridzi mutsva akabvumira maHasidim mukana wekunamatira kusvika 1996 apo imba yakatengwa naBreslover Hasidim neUS $ 130,000.
Hapana kana rimwe ibwe reguva muchimiro charo chepakutanga rakapona. Iwo makuva ane guva rakagadzirwazve raRabi Nahman weBratzlav, akavakirwa mumadziro eimba, maererano netsika dzeBratslaver. Iri dombo rakarara pamusoro peguva raRabi Nachman, iyo yekutanga monument yakaparadzwa munguva yehondo.
Aimbove Masinagogi
Panharaunda yefekitori yemazuva ano ye "Megaohmmeter" masinagogi maviri aive akawanikwa, huru choral imwe neyaHasidim. Iyo huru choral sinagogi ikozvino inogara iyo electroplating unit. Zvivakwa zvese zviri zviviri zvakadzokera muzana ramakore reXIX. Nyaya yedare yekudzosera zvivakwa zvemasinagogi kunharaunda yanga ichipfuura makore mashanu. Sinagogi reHasidim rakavharwa muna 1957, raive rekupedzisira sinagogi muguta.
Sukhyi Yar guva guru
Musango, pakati peSukhyi Yar, pane dombo reobelisk rinokwana mita nhatu kukwirira, rakakomberedzwa nembiru neketani yedare. Iyo obelisk inotakura mahwendefa matatu ane zvinyorwa zvechiyeuchidzo.
“Pano Manyepo Madota e25,000 emaJuda Kubva kuUman, Akaurayiwa Mumatsutso 1941. Regai Mweya Yavo Isunge Noupenyu Hwedu Nokusingaperi. NDANGARIRO YOKUSINGAPERI. ”
Tovsta Dubina mashe guva
Muna Kukadzi 1942 376 Uman maJuda akaurayiwa mu "Tovsta Dubina" nzvimbo iri kumaodzanyemba kweguta. Chirangaridzo chakavakwa ipapo muna Chivabvu 9, 2007. Ruzivo urwu rwakaburitswa ipapo.
Makuva ekare echiJuda
Vanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ematombo emakuva munzvimbo yechinyakare akaparadzwa panguva yeWWII.
Kune mashoma makuva ane mbiri:
Rabhi Avraham Chazan (? - 1917) aive anotungamira Breslov Hasid pakutanga kwezana ramakore XX. Akanga ari mwanakomana waRabbi Nachman weTulchin mumwe wevadzidzi vakuru uye mutsivi weveruzhinji waRebbe Nathan weBratslav. Mushure mekutamira kuJerushalayim muna 1894, Rabbi Avraham aifamba gore rega rega kuUman. Muna 1914 akamanikidzwa kugara muRussia nekuda kwekutanga kweHondo Yenyika I. Akagara imomo kusvika pakupfuura kwake muna 1917 uye kuvigwa muUman New Jewish kumakuva.
Munguva yehukasha hwaMay 12-14 chete, vanosvika mazana mana maJuda vakaurayiwa. Iyo chaiyo nhamba yevakabatwa haigone kutsanangurwa. Vakaurayiwa nepogrom vakavigwa imomo zvakare.
Chirangaridzo chine chinyorwa chinotevera: "Nzvimbo ino iguva guru revaJudha vanosvika mazana matatu kubva munharaunda, Dai Mwari atsiva ropa ravo, Vakaurayiwa panguva yekuurayiwa kwevanhu mugore ra3000 (5680). Ohaley Tzadikiim, Jerusarema ”.
Makuva matsva echiJuda
Makuva matsva achiri kushandiswa uye ari mumamiriro akanaka. Makuva anozvirumbidza nefenzi nyowani negedhi idzva. Yakaparadzaniswa nemakuva ekare nefenzi.
